HAVE SOMETHING DONE

CAUSATIVE HAVE:
HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE



 

FORM: have / get + object + past participle

USES:

- have / get something done is used to express things that other people do for us because we  cannot do them or we prefer not to do them; the action is not carried out by the subject.

- We  can use by + agent to mention the person who carried out the action.

 She got her nails painted by her friend.

- As in passive sentences, we can omit the agent if it is obvious who did the action or if it is not important. 

She's getting her car repaired this afternoon.

- This structure is also used to describe misfortunes caused by an unspecified person.

She had her wallet stolen.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1 

EXERCISE 2 

EXERCISE 3 

EXERCISE 4 

EXERCISE 5 

FUTURE TENSE (Papa teach me video)


(video)

Click and watch the video and revise all the possible forms English language has in order to express the future tense.

TIME CLAUSES

TIME CLAUSES

TIME CLAUSES act as adverbs and tell us when something happens. They usually begin with words like:  

 

  when
     

 before
      

after
      

as soon as
    

  until

Existen 3 tipos de "Time Clauses". Los dos primeros no suelen plantearnos dificultades.

a) Past Time Clauses: en las que tanto la oración subordinada como la principal de la que aquélla forma parte se refieren al pasado: When I got home, I phoned the shop (Cuando llegué a casa, llamé a la tienda).

b) Present Time Clauses: en las que ambas oraciones hacen referencia al presente.

c) Future Time Clauses: en las que, a pesar de que el verbo de la "time clause" hace referencia al futuro, no irá en ningún caso conjugado en futuro simple (will + infinitivo) sino en presente simple (con algunas excepciones en las que puede aparecer en "present perfect", y de las que nos ocuparemos en otra ocasión)

Vamos a ver algunos ejemplos de este último tipo:

- When (cuando): Pay no attention to him when you get home.

- Before (antes de): Should I tell her before she leaves?

- After (después de): After you get to work, drink a glass of water

- Until / Till (hasta): I won't leave until you tell me.

- As soon as (tan pronto como / en cuanto): As soon as I hear from her, I' ll give you a telephone call.

 

 

 

SOURCE: http://adelinaacosta.blogspot.com/2012/04/time-clauses-grammar.html

 

REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS & QUESTIONS

Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'.  If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: I like ice cream.
• Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

(As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Direct speech: I like ice cream.
• Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	I like ice cream	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	I am living in London	She said (that) she was living in London.
past simple	I bought a car	She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car.
past continuous	I was walking along the street	She said (that) she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	I haven't seen Julie	She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	I had taken English lessons before	She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.
will	I'll see you later	She said (that) she would see me later.
would*	I would help, but..”	She said (that) she would help but...
can	I can speak perfect English	She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
could*	I could swim when I was four	She said (that) she could swim when she was four.
shall	I shall come later	She said (that) she would come later.
should*	I should call my mother	She said (that) she should call her mother
might*	I might be late	She said (that) she might be late
must	I must study at the weekend	She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

• Direct speech: The sky is blue.
• Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

Click here for a mixed tense exercise about practise reported statements.

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

• Direct speech: Where do you live?

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. A bit confusing? Maybe this example will help:

• Direct speech: Where do you live?
• Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple. 

Another example:

• Direct speech: Where is Julie?
• Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.

Here are some more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
Where is the Post Office, please?	She asked me where the Post Office was.
What are you doing?	She asked me what I was doing.
Who was that fantastic man?	She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

• Direct speech: Do you like chocolate?
• Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
Do you love me?	He asked me if I loved him.
Have you ever been to Mexico?	She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
Are you living here?	She asked me if I was living here.

Click here to practise reported 'wh' questions.
Click here to practise reported 'yes / no' questions. 

SOURCE: 

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html

PASSIVES

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.)

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive 

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Modal verbs	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passives

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

The passive with reporting verbs

 

The passive is also used to describe feelings, beliefs and convictions. It isn't always necessary to include the agent. Some of the most common verbs used are believe, consider, expect, hope, know, say, suppose, think and understand. We can form these passive structures in two ways. 

(a) subject + passive reporting verb + to + infinitive

This hospital is considered to be the best in the country. 

She is thought to be living in India.

(b) It + passive reporting verb + that + subject + verb

It is said that scientists are working in a new cure for the disease.

It is hoped that the new drug will work.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4

EXERCISE 5

EXERCISE 6

*SOURCE: https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

HOW TO PRONOUNCE -ED

How to Pronounce 'ed' at the end of a verb

It's difficult to know how to pronounce 'ed' in English, because it's pronounced in three different ways. It depends on the letter before:

The three ways are:

• 1: 'id' (like in painted 'paint-id')
• 2: 'd' (like in 'played')
• 3: 't' (like in 'hoped')

The most important thing to remember is this:

If the verb has a 'd' or a 't' sound before 'ed' you need to pronounce 'id'. If it doesn't, don't pronounce an extra syllable.

Be careful! It's the sound, not the letter: 'decided' is pronounced 'decide-id' even though 'decide' ends in 'e', because we don't say the 'e', so the last sound is 'd'.

So for example:

• wanted (want-id)
• ended (end-id)
• decided (decide-id)
• admitted (admit-id)
• suggested (suggest-id)
• recommended (recommend-id)
• hated (hate-id)
• intended (intend-id)
• started (start-id)

For the other two sounds it doesn't matter so much. Just make sure you don't say '-id'! For example, 'stopped' is pronounced 'stopt' and never 'stop-id'.

If the word before 'ed' ends in the sounds 'p', 'f', 's', 'ch', 'sh', 'k', then 'ed' is pronounced 't': So:

• 'p' stopped
• 'f' laughed
• 's' promised
• 'ch' watched
• 'sh' finished
• 'k' walked

For all other words, 'ed' is pronounced 'd':

• allowed
• cried
• enjoyed
• cleaned
• imagined

SOURCE: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/how-to-pronounce-ed.html

PAST SIMPLE

The Past Simple 

We make the past simple just like the present simple except we use 'did' instead of 'do / does'. It's really easy because 'did' doesn't change, even with 'he / she / it'.

The positive:

We usually make the positive by adding '-ed' to the infinitive. For example, 'play' becomes 'played'. However, there are some irregular verbs, for example 'go' becomes 'went' and 'run' becomes 'ran'.

Positive past simple

I walked (regular)

you played (regular)

he cooked (regular)

she listened (regular)

it rained (regular)

we ate (irregular)

they drank (irregular) In the negative there aren't any irregular verbs. All verbs use 'did not (didn't) + infinitive': Negative Negative Short Form I did not walk I didn't walk you did not play you didn't play he did not cook he didn't cook she did not listen she didn't listen it did not rain it didn't rain we did not eat we didn't eat they did not drink they didn't drink Questions are also very easy. Just put 'did' before the subject, and the infinitive after it. Here are the 'yes / no' questions: 'Yes / No' Questions did I walk? did you play? did he cook? did she listen? did it rain? did we eat? did they drink? EXERCISES 1 2 3 4 SOURCE: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-simple.html

WRITING A BLOG ENTRY (IV)

YOU SHOULD NEVER CRITICIZE YOUR FRIEND'S PARTNER.

DO YOU AGREE?

WRITING A BLOG ENTRY (III)

MEN KEEP THEIR FRIENDS LONGER THAN WOMEN 

DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS STATEMENT?

WRITING A BLOG ENTRY (II)

YOU CAN ONLY HAVE TWO OR THREE CLOSE FRIENDS

DO YOU AGREE? 

WRITING A BLOG ENTRY

Nowadays people are in touch with more people but have fewer close friends. 

What do you think?

WAS / WERE

Was & were are the past forms for the verb TO BE. Check the rules for the formation of the negative and the interrogative in the table.

EXERCISE 1

12 TENSES IN ENGLISH

ORDINAL NUMBERS

Form

Spelling of Ordinal Numbers

Just add th to the cardinal number:

• four - fourth
• eleven - eleventh

Exceptions:

• one - first
• two - second
• three - third
• five - fifth
• eight - eighth
• nine - ninth
• twelve - twelfth

In compound ordinal numbers, note that only the last figure is written as an ordinal number:

• 421st = four hundred and twenty-first
• 5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh

Figures

When expressed as figures, the last two letters of the written word are added to the ordinal number:

• first = 1st
• second = 2nd
• third = 3rd
• fourth = 4th
• twenty-sixth = 26th
• hundred and first = 101st

Titles

In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers. In spoken English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number:

• Charles II - Charles the Second
• Edward VI - Edward the Sixth
• Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth

SOURCE

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/numbers/ordinal

EXERCISES

EXERCISE1

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous is made from the present tense of the verb be and the –ingform of a verb:

I am	working
You are	playing
He is	talking
She is	living
It is	eating
We are	staying
They are	sleeping

We use the present continuous to talk about:

• activities at the moment of speaking:

I'm just leaving work. I'll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

• future plans or arrangements:

Mary is going to a new school next term.

What are you doing next week?

Present continuous questions

We make questions by putting am, is or are in front of the subject:

Are you listening?
Are they coming to your party?
When is she going home?

What am I doing here?

Present continuous negatives

We make negatives by putting not (or n't) after am, is or are:

I'm not doing that.
You aren't listening. (or You're not listening.)
They aren't coming to the party. (or They're not coming to the party.)

She isn't going home until Monday. (or She's not going home until Monday.)

Stative verbs

We do not normally use the continuous with stative verbs. Stative verbs include:

• verbs of thinking and feeling:

believe dislike know like

love hate prefer realise

recognise remember suppose think (= believe)

understand want wish

• verbs of the senses:

appear feel

look seem

smell sound

taste

• others:

agree be

belong disagree

need owe

own possess

We normally use the simple instead:

I understand you. (NOT I am understanding you.)
This cake tastes wonderful. (NOT This cake is tasting wonderful.)

Level: intermediate

We also use the present continuous to talk about:

• something which is happening before and after a specific time:

At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast.
When I get home the children are doing their homework.

• something which we think is temporary:

Michael is at university. He's studying history.
I'm working in London for the next two weeks.

• something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:

These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays?
What sort of music are they listening to?

• something which is changing, growing or developing:

The children are growing up quickly.
The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.

• something which happens again and again:

It's always raining in London.
They are always arguing.
George is great. He's always laughing.

Note that we normally use always with this use.


EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
EXERCISE 4
EXERCISE 5


SOURCE:

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar/present-continuous

CAN CAN'T

CAN / CAN'T shows ability, inability, request, permission, possibility, and inappropriateness.

Examples:

a. I can speak English. (ability)
b. You can leave early today. (permission)
c. Can I come in, please? (asking for permission)

Formation:

Positive: Subject + CAN + Verb1  YOU CAN SWIM 

Negative: Subject + CAN'T + Verb1 HE CAN'T SWIM

Interrogative: CAN + Subject + Verb1  CAN YOU SWIM? 

Answers: 

Can you play the piano? Yes, I can
Can you play the violin? No, I can't

EXERCISES

Exercise1
Exercise2
Exercise3
Exercise4




ADAPTED FROM: 

https://www.grammarbank.com/can-cant-esl.html